Telekom Malaysia Berhad (TM) Corporate Structure

Telekom Malaysia Berhad (TM) Corporate Structure Telekom Malaysia Berhad (TM) is a key player in the establishment, maintenance and provision of telecommunication and related services under the license issued by the Ministry of Energy, Water and Communications. It is the dominant player in the fixed line telephony market in Malaysia, offering local call, long distance call and data services through a range of platforms. TMs mobile communications business operates under the Celcom brand while its Internet access business operates under the TM net and Streamyx brands. TM also operates a wireless broadband Internet access network through TM net Hotspot. TM was incorporated in 1984 listed on Bursa Malaysia Securities in Nov 1990. the core business of TM is Telecommunications, Fixed Line Services, Mobile Cellular, Internet Connectivity, Operation of optic fibred systems, Managed Network Services, Trading in telecommunications equipment. Telekom Malaysia Berhad is the largest telecommunication company in Malaysia. It has a monopoly on the fixed line network and has a considerable market share of the mobile communications market after its acquisition of Celcom and merging with its mobile operation arm TM Touch. TM has an internet service provider subsidiary offering narrowband and broadband connectivity. Broadband connectivity is through DSL under TM Nets Streamyx brand. Due to its near monopoly of the last mile connections, TM Net is now the sole DSL broadband provider in the country. Telekom Malaysia officially changed its global brand from Telekom Malaysia to TM in April 2005. Telekom Malaysia Berhad, is one of the largest listed companies on Bursa Malaysia with an operating revenue of more than RM16 billion and total asset over RM41.8 billion. TM is a government-linked company, reporting government shareholdings of over 36%. Of the remaining shares, less than 4% are held by non-bumiputera Malaysians, the racial di stinction being an example of the governments affirmative action policy. TM had a large numbers of companies under its control both in and outside of Malaysia. Through its investment arm TM International Sdn Bhd, TM has  purchased and assumed control of a number of start-up telcos most notably close to the home region. TM has a local subsidiaries such as: * TMNet * VADS * Multimedia University * Multimedia College * TMRD * Telekom Applied Business On September 28, 2007, TM announced a revamp of its corporate structure, de-merging its fixed-line and mobile businesses into two separate companies: Fixed Co and Region Co. Fixed Co will comprise its domestic fixed-line business, internet service provider and other ancillary businesses. Region Co will comprise Celcom, its domestic cellular operator, and all of its international operations. The de-merger exercise is scheduled to be completed by Q1 2008 and both Fixed Co and Region Co will be listed on Bursa Malaysia by June 2008. On 10 December, 2007, TM announced a special dividend amounting to RM 1.6 billion to its shareholder. TM further added that after the demerger, Fixed Co. will adopt a dividend policy of a minimum RM700mil or up to 90% of normalized net profit, whichever is higher. On 11 April 2008, Telekom Malaysia announced that TM International will be listed on the Bursa Malaysia by 28 April 2008. TM International is renamed as Axiata Group Berhad in May 2009. Dialog Tele kom customer base as of end 2008 was 5.5 millions. In sponsorship, Manchester United signs five-year deal with Telekom Malaysia Premier League leaders Manchester United have signed a five-year deal with Telekom Malaysia (TM), which will become its Official Integrated Telecommunications partner in the Far Eastern country. TM is the largest telecommunications company in Malaysia, posting an increase in profits in 2009 of 180.4% compared to the previous year. The company is developing its tour match sponsorship of Man Utd into a complete partnership with the Club. Man Utds success in Malaysia is clearly evident with approximately 25% of the population supporting the Club. Its tours of the Far East attract large crowds with around 40,000 attending the training sessions with the same figure supporting the team at a match in Kuala Lumpur. Market analysis Market analysis is a research aimed at predicting or anticipating the direction of stock, bond, or commodity markets, based on technical data about the movement of market prices or on fundamental data such as corporate earnings prospects or supply and demand. It is a designed to define a companys current or potential markets, forecast their directions, and decide how to expand the companys share and exploit any new trends. Market analysis is a tool companies use in order to better understand the environment in which they operate. It is one of the main steps in the development of a marketing plan. The first step is to conduct market research or gather information through direct mail, telemarketing, focus groups or online surveys. Market analysis, which involves critically reviewing and organizing the data collected so that it can be used in making strategic marketing decisions. Just as one would not build a house on sand, one should never undertake a marketing program that is not buil t on a firm foundation of market knowledge. Telekom Malaysia (TM), the leading player in the Malaysian fixed-line market, is focusing on high-speed broadband and bundled services to drive its future growth, while a declining fixed-line market and shrinking ARPU remain its key challenges. Telekom Malaysia Berhad (TM) is engaged in providing a wide range of services for the telecommunications industry. The companys offering include fixed line, wireless, data and broadband services. The group operates in different countries namely Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Thailand, Cambodia, India, Pakistan, and Iran, with a strong focus on the Malaysian market. The company provides fixed line and data services such as telephone and internet connections for business and domestic purposes. Solutions for international wide area networks, corporate level virtual private networks. The Internet and multimedia services of the company include access services and application services. Under the cellular services the company offers wireless related services to its customers. It is managed by its operating subsidiaries such as Celcom (Malaysia) Berhad, TM International (Bangladesh), Dialog Telekom (Sri Lanka), Multinet Pakistan, PT Excelcomindo Pratama TBK (Indonesia), Spice Communications (India), Telekom Malaysia International (Cambodia), and Mobileone (Singapore). Major service offerings include voice, data, mobile internet, messaging, and international roaming. The non-telecommunication related services include property development, printing and publication of directories, education, trading in consumers premises equipment and other businesses. The company operates through four reportable segments namely, Retail Business, Wholesale Business, Global Business and Shared Services or Others. The companys Retail Business segment provides various telecommunication products, services and communication solutions principally to direct consumers, small and medium businesses, corporate and government customers. TM offers a range of voice services, internet or broadband services, data services and information communication technology services. As on December 2008, the Retail Business segment holds a customer base of 1.6 million. During the fiscal 2008, the respective segment accounted MYR 6887.2 million, an increase of 6% over last fiscal. The Wholesale Business segment of the company delivers various telecommunication products and services through its direct networks to other licensed network operators such as Network Facilities Providers (NFP), Network Service Providers (NSP) and Application Service Providers (ASP). The company provides various telecommunications network related services through Fiberails fibre optics backbone, via railway tracks and Petronas gas pipelines. Fiberail is a joint venture formed by Telekom Malaysia Berhad and Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB). In addition, its Fibrecomm is a joint venture with Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB). It operates through 10Gbps fibre optics network. Moreover, Fibrecomm also offers a neutral infrastructure service. During the fiscal 2008, the respective segment accounted MYR 997.1 million, a 0.65% decrease over last fiscal. Global Business segment is involved in the provision of inbound and outbound services for telecommunication products. The company under its Global Business segment holds collaborations in six continents namely, Asia, Europe, Americas, Oceania, the Middle East and Africa. It is involved on various business alliances with various telcos in Singapore, the Philippines, Brunei, Indonesia, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam and installed global IP nodes in Singapore, Hong Kong, the UK, US and others. Global Data Marketing and Global Voice Marketing teams are the major products and services provided by this segment. During the fiscal 2008, the respective segment accounted MYR 11 48.4 million, an increase of 3.70% over last fiscal. The companys Shared Services or Others include all shared services divisions, networks and subsidiaries that do not fall under the above lines of business. During the fiscal 2008, the respective segment accounted MYR 4381.7 million, a 1.55% decrease over last fiscal. Telekom Research Development Sdn Bhd (TMRD), the research and development division of the group entered into an agreement with MIMOS for research collaboration in cutting-edge technologies between governments linked companies (GLCs). It also signed an agreement with University Technology Malaysia to promote co-operation between the two parties in the field of research and development. The company spent MYR 65.5 million on RD during 2008. In May 2009, Telekom Malaysia Berhad (TM) and Wi-Net Technology Sdn Bhd (Wi-Net) entered into a Wholesale Ethernet Service Agreement for the provisioning of Wi-Nets wireless broadband service, Winet Broadband. It is the five year agreement, where the Wi-Net will leverage on TMs existing Wholesale Ethernet service and the new High Speed Broadband (HSBB) network and expands supply of its broadband service to more than 2,000 locations nationwide by 2010. Industrial analysis Industry analysis is a tool that facilitates a companys understanding of its position relative to other companies that produce similar products or services. Understanding the forces at work in the overall industry is an important component of effective strategic planning. Industry analysis enables small business owners to identify the threats and opportunities facing their businesses, and to focus their resources on developing unique capabilities that could lead to a competitive advantage. An industry analysis consists of three major elements. That is the underlying forces at work in the industry, the overall attractiveness of the industry and the critical factors that determine a companys success within the industry. Ease of entry refers to how easy or difficult it is for a new firm to begin competing in the industry. The ease of entry into an industry is important because it determines the likelihood that a company will face new competitors. In industries that are easy to enter, so urces of competitive advantage tend to wane quickly. On the other hand, in industries that are difficult to enter, sources of competitive advantage last longer, and firms also tend to benefit from having a constant set of competitors. .The ease of entry into an industry depends upon two factors. It is reaction of existing competitors to new entrants and the barriers to market entry that prevail in the industry. Existing competitors are most likely to react strongly against new entrants when there is a history of such behavior, when the competitors have invested substantial resources in the industry and when the industry is characterized by slow growth. Some of the major barriers to market entry include economies of scale, high capital requirements, and switching costs for the customer, limited access to the channels of distribution, a high degree of product differentiation, and restrictive government policies. A comprehensive industry analysis requires a small business owner to take an objective view of the underlying forces, attractiveness, and success factors that determine the structure of the industry. Understanding the companys operating environment in this way can help the small business owner to formulate a n effective strategy, position the company for success, and make the most efficient use of the limited resources of the small business. Once the forces affecting competition in an industry and their underlying causes have been diagnosed, the firm is in a position to identify its strengths and weaknesses relative to the industry. An effective competitive strategy takes offensive or defensive action in order to create a defendable position against the five competitive forces. Some of the possible strategies include positioning the firm to use its unique capabilities as defense, influencing the balance of outside forces in the firms favor, or anticipating shifts in the underlying industry factors and adapting before competitors do in order to gain a competitive advantage. rom the economist intelligence unit Malaysias telecommunications network is relatively advanced compared with other countries in South-east Asia. In terms of total industry revenue, Malaysias communications market is roughly on a par with that of Singapore (which has a much smaller population), and is well ahead of that of Indonesia. In 2003 the number of telephone land lines per 100 populations in Malaysia stood at 18.3, giving the country about twice the teledensity of Thailand, six times that of the Philippines and five times that of Indonesia. As in most of Asia, the use of cellular telephones has been growing steadily at the end of September 2005 there were around 17.6m mobile accounts. Although telecoms services are excellent and readily available in urban centres, they are only fair in many rural locations. The monopoly of Telekom Malaysia, which is largely state-owned, on fixed-line and cellular services ended in 1994 with the licensing of several competitors. However, Telekom Malaysia remains the dominant provider of fixed-line services, with more than 90% of the market. The newcomers have tended to concentrate on mobile telephony. The ensuing competition has brought lower tariffs and improved service quality. The mobile network is primarily based on Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technology; although a code division multiple access (CDMA) system is being used by Telekom Malaysia to meet demand from rural areas in eastern Malaysia. In order to achieve a truly competitive market, the government must eventually distance itself from the incumbent, Telekom Malaysia, and legislate provisions for local loop unbundling, co-location and interconnection. Without these, Malaysia will not have a competitive market for broadband services, and the fixed-line market is likely to remain stagnant. The development of information and communications technology (ICT) plays a crucial role in the governments plans for the economy. The government has attempted to position Malaysia as a regional and global ICT and multimedia hub, by providing tax breaks to attract multinational corporations and increase the companies competitiveness through the development of the Multimedia Super corridor (MSC) near the capital, Kuala Lumpur. Although the bursting of the dot-com bubble slowed the growth of the 750-sq-km MSC, by end-2005 a total of 1,421 companies had approved MSC status. These companies, of which 349 were majority foreign-owned, included technology manufacturers, data centres and communications-related industries. Usage of ICT, measured in terms of installed personal computers (PCs), rose to almost 170 per 1,000 population in 2003, up from 87.4 in 1998. The Economist Intelligence Unit estimates total information technology (IT) spending in Malaysia at US$3.3bn in 2005. Company analysis The Executive Summary entices the investor to learn more about the company. The company analysis in turn educates the reader regarding the companys history Company profile Telekom Malaysia Berhad (TM) as the leading integrated Telecommunications Company in Malaysia, that aim to deliver cutting-edge communications, information and entertainment services and the vision is to be Malaysias leading new generation communications provider, embracing customer needs through innovation and execution excellence mission Strive towards customer service excellence and operational efficiency, enrich consumer lifestyle and experience by providing innovative new generation services, improve the performance of our business customers by providing high value information and communications solutions, deliver value for stakeholders by generating shareholder value and supporting Malaysias growth and development Past Accomplishments Telekom Malaysia Berhad (TM) Investor Relations Unit is constantly striving to improve relationships with all our investors and in ensuring best practices are adhered to all communication with the capital market is governed by the Investor Relations Policy and Guidelines. Unique Qualifications Telekom Malaysia Berhad (TM) is a Malaysia based integrated communications solutions provider. The company is principally engaged in the provision of services and solutions in broadband, data and fixed line. TM serves 4.3 million fixed-line customers and 1.6 million broadband customers across the globe. In addition, the company also operates retail, wholesale and the global business. Major subsidiaries of the company include Celcom (Malaysia) Berhad, TM International (Bangladesh), Dialog Telekom (Sri Lanka), Multinet Pakistan, PT Excelcomindo Pratama TBK (Indonesia), Spice Communications (India), Telekom Malaysia International (Cambodia), and Mobileone (Singapore). Other than Malaysia, the company has presence in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Thailand, Cambodia, India, Pakistan, and Iran, through its subsidiaries. It is headquartered at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The company reported revenues of (Ringgit) MYR 8,674.90 million during the fiscal year ended December 2008, an increase of 4.57% over 2007. The operating profit of the company was MYR 729.40 million during the fiscal year 2008, a decrease of 21.27% from 2007. The net profit of the company was MYR 791.90 million during the fiscal year 2008, a decrease of 68.92% from 2007. Industry and structural links to company analysis Telekom Malaysia Berhad Financial and Strategic Analysis Review Global Markets Directs Telekom Malaysia Berhad Financial and Strategic Analysis Review is an in-depth business, strategic and financial analysis of Telekom Malaysia Berhad. The report provides a comprehensive insight into the company, including business structure and operations, executive biographies and key competitors. The hallmark of the report is the detailed strategic analysis of the company. This highlights its strengths and weaknesses and the opportunities and threats it faces going forward The Company is engaged in the establishment, maintenance and provision of telecommunication and related services. The Company focuses on fixed line voice, data and broadband, and other telecommunication-related services. The Company operates in retail business, wholesale business, global business and shared services/others. Retail business provides a range of telecommunication products, services and communication solutions to consumers, small and medium businesses, as well as corporate and government customers. Wholesale business provides a range of telecommunication products and services delivered over its networks to other licensed network operators namely network facilities providers, network service providers and application service providers. Global Business provides inbound and outbound services for a range of telecommunication products, including the fixed network operations of its worldwide subsidiaries.

Freytag’s Pyramid in A Rose for Emily

Though a non-linear narrative, Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily fits well into the dramatic structure outlined in Freytag’s Pyramid.   Exposition is centered around the death of the eponymous character, Emily Grierson, and details her history in the town of Jefferson.Moving backward in time, a deal between Emily and a former mayor, Colonel Sartoris, is discussed, in which Emily is remitted of all taxes due to a loan Emily’s father made to the town before his death.   This expository information allows the reader to form a more substantive picture of Emily before the narrative actually begins.Faulkner establishes the tone of the story as cryptic and elliptical.   Emily is someone who can only be known vaguely, through all that can be understood in a few incidents.   By failing to disclose too much about Emily, Faulkner lends her an air of mystery, thus heightening the reader’s interest in her character.The story then leaps back in time thirty years, when there was concern in Jefferson over a smell coming from Emily’s house.   This is the point of rising action, in which the narrative acquires tautness in conflict.   Now the narrative is propelled forward by the reader’s curiosity- what is causing this horrible smell?   All of this builds on the mystery surrounding Emily, she becomes not so much a woman as an apparition, a vague blur in the mind of the reader.As the narrative proceeds on it constantly moves backward in time, so that the climax occurs at the point furthest in the past.   Emily’s purchase of the arsenic precedes chronologically the events of the first, second, fourth, and fifth parts of the story.   A Rose for Emily inverts the traditional narrative structure in which a story generally drives toward some point in the future, delving into the past for its revelations.The purchase of the arsenic must be regarded as the story’s climax for it is the only instance in which Emily takes action within the narrative.   She resolves here to take that action, the fruits of which are revealed in the final part of the story when the skeleton of Homer Barron is found in her bedroom.Part four of the story represents falling action, as with the purchase of the arsenic the fate of Homer Barron has been settled.   That the arrival of Emily’s family, or â€Å"kin† as Faulkner refers to them, is merely brushed upon in the vaguest terms serves as evidence- the focus of the story is elsewhere.   All that is left here is for the story to unravel into the denouement, which comes of course with the discovery of her supposed husband’s corpse.Here, Faulkner pulls back the curtain and allows the reader to briefly glimpse some of the mystery behind Emily, and by simply suggesting at one perversion, he hints at a whole host of other strange activities.   Thus the story is concluded not by solving the mystery, but rather by increasing its lurid allure.In a sto ry, such as A Rose for Emily, which is as much about ambience as it is about creating drama, a small action can carry great weight.   Emily’s very presence, â€Å"dear, inescapable, impervious, tranquil, and perverse,† shocks the small town of Jefferson out of entropy and into the life of narrative.Thus, though the story is nominally propelled along by curiosity over a strange odor emanating from her house, it is Emily herself in the end that sustains the interest of the reader.   Though Freytag’s Pyramid is an excellent guide for distilling dramatic structure from an otherwise elusive narrative, its application is limited.   While the model corresponds to the purely dramatic elements of A Rose for Emily it cannot account for such complementary elements such as tone and style, which often facilitate drama just as much as a well-honed structure.Faulkner’s writing operates obliquely, touching points of interest and then just as quickly departing from them, leaving a slight fog about the people and places he evokes.   The use of Freytag’s Pyramid can help shine a light through this fog and offer one a greater insight into the nature of this mysterious piece, A Rose for Emily.

The Effects of Organized Crime on Russia’s Economic Reform

Angela Tien The Effect of Organized Crime on Russia’s Economic Reform With Russia’s extensive history, there is no saying that organized crime is not an issue of this nation. Organized crime promotes the overall performance of the economy in Russia, and it was also a problem during the rise of democratic Russia. Influence from organized crime is harmful internally, yet beneficial to Russia on a global scale. Although the Russian economy thrives as a nascent country experiencing capitalism and democracy, it is deteriorating from the core of their government from corruption. Several factors minister the failure of Russia’s economic reform.Corruption, change in political and economic concepts, and the ever-expanding global economy have fueled the power and influence organized crime has asserted on Russia’s economic reform. The impact of organized crime on Russia’s economic reform is significant to both the development and adherence of Russia’s p revious economy by incorporating elements of transitions such as corruption and revolutions in both capitalist and democratic ideals, at the same time establishing and preserving an influential association with the global economy while constituting achievements within it, which reflects on their economy today.Background: When Stalin proposed freedom to the prisoners in the Soviet Union in exchange for fighting in World War Two, he had upset the entire perennial system of the â€Å"Code of Thieves†, an underground colony of criminals. There was no knowledge of the repercussion that Stalin’s actions would alter. The â€Å"Thieves† had evolved into a much more sophisticated group of criminals, after the betrayal of those who enlisted to work with the government. Later, as the Soviet Union fell apart, it gave birth to the Red Mafia, otherwise known as the Russian Mafia.Previously, the Cold War contributed to the augmentation of the Russian Mafia too, like Stalin. Ru ined, Russia’s economy was devastated. Subsequently, with the down fall of the Soviet Union and the Cold War over, the Russian government inherited the world’s greatest weapon storage. Using these weapons as a way to profit, the mafia and other forms of organized crime took advantage of the desperate government workers, who turned to crime for cash. The sources for currency in Russia were weapons and poverty-stricken people forsaken from the Cold War scouring for work.In order to improve the Russian’s economy, America introduced the controversial â€Å"shock therapy†, a method that involves the sudden self-governing free market to release price and currencies, withdrawals of state contribution, and immediate global trade, (Murrell, 1993). Since then, the Russian Mafia has had control over the majority of businesses in Russia. Despite the democratic surge throughout Russia, the promotion of capitalism and democracy was futile. Basically, the Americans intr oduced Russia with the sudden surge of capitalism.Unexpectedly, the result was disastrous and the treatment backfired. Starving homeless people wandered through the streets aimlessly looking for a job to pay for food, agreeing to work for cheap labor. Government official turned to crime as a means of making money. Corruption is a major factor that made the economic reform difficult to succeed: Recently, forest fires rage throughout Russia’s landscape. Mr. Luzhkov, a politician, was residing in his estate when he was criticized for the lack of concern he expressed. Almost the entire government responded this way.Hence, â€Å"Mr. Luzhkov has been derided for behaving like an autocrat, muzzling dissent and allowing corruption to flourish,† (Levy, 2010). Russia’s economy was at stake, partly to the increasing problem of corruption. Corruption has deprived Russia of any success with its economic reform. With the consecutive capital flight each year during the economi c reform, Russia’s economy was not stable, nor was it sustainable. Even today, little of that has improved. Billions of laundered rubles are perpetually transferred to bank accounts in other countries annually.Corruption has suggested that organized crime has played an integral part towards the failure of economic reform. Finckenauer describes the cause of corruption in Russia as â€Å"[t]he historical symbiosis with the state [which] makes Russian organized crime virtually an inalienable part of the state†, (Finckenaur, 2001). Russia was left virtually bankrupt, until the fresh initiation of capitalism and democracy. Russia was so corrupt that criminals could bribe their way out of any lawbreaking problem, (Finckenaur, 2001). From Shelley’s observations, we know that roughly a hundred and fifty billion U. S. ollars, perhaps more, are transferred to off-shore accounts, sometimes reaching sums up to three hundred billion U. S. dollars,(Shelley, p. 3). A substanti al number of the assets wired to other countries belong to corrupt officials, who did not assist Russia’s economic reform, (Shelley, p. 4, 5).The increasing number of corrupt officials that collaborates with the Russian mafia is the source to Russia’s faltering economy. Allow a poll taken by Russian citizens manifest the severity of corruption within Russia: â€Å"[t]wenty-three percent of Russians living in urban areas believe that organized crime, not the Government, runs the country. ,(Boylan, 1996). Corruption from government officials numbers were on the rise. At that rate, Russia’s economic reform was next to impossible. There was not a single residue of affluence for Russia to advocate or achieve success of their economic reform. Not merely has organized crime conspired with government officials in the act of corruption, it had somehow obliquely gained control over the flux of money. Recently, a total of 33 billion U. S. dollars, reported by BCC, are bei ng wired to banks aboard, some in the U. S. , (Konstantin, 2010).This 33 billion â€Å"amounts to 20% of Russia's budget for state and local procurement, or more than 10% of the state budget's income for 2010,† (Konstantin, 2010) It is difficult to prove that control over money had been organized crime’s intentions, but its prevalence over the government through corruption has certainly prompt the unsuccessful result of Russia’s economic reform. The revolution in political and economic concepts allowed organized crime to flourish: Exempt from corruption aside, Russia’s economic reform faced democratic and capitalist issues. Half of the commodities upon a cargo ship traveling to the U.S. in the 90’s contain illegally purchased grain alcohol. This alcohol was manufactured by an American distiller company named McCormicle Distilling Company Superb Spirits. The Russian mafia dyed the alcohol blue to pass the alcohol on for window washing liquid. They m arked these boxes â€Å"industrial†. Smuggling prospered under these conditions. The mafia avoided taxes and a long process that consumed time, while profiting. Acting as a cover up for the mafia, business companies such McCormicle benefitted from the list of procedures and expenses needed to operate.Using capitalism and democracy to increase profits, organized crime was in favor of capitalism and democracy. Privatization of organized crime in Russia caused the economic reform to blunder and digress considerably. Finckenaur explains that, â€Å"privatization of state property both expanded and solidified the complex relationship that had developed between the state and organized crime†, (Finckenaur, 2001). Essentially all private and state-owned companies and subsidies were harmed from the meltdown of the economic reform due to organized crime flourishing in the free market.From the beginning of capitalism, â€Å"[t]he entire Soviet system has long operated with a flo urishing black-market supervised and controlled by [organized crime groups]†, (Boylan, 1996). While the U. S. government deplete their dollars advertising democratic and capitalist issues in Russia, (Boylan, 1996), the Russians â€Å"had people taking advantage of the privileges of a free market—taking in foreign investments, issuing stocks and bonds, making international loans—without sufficient oversight or taxation to generate incomes to pay the bondholders back†, (Friedman, 1999).As a novice towards democracy and capitalism, Russia was going through a phase in which economic hardships and dealing with new ideas was difficult. Subsequently, those with money and authority were quick to assert power and control, namely the organized crime groups and corrupt political figures. â€Å"Several experts have estimated that approximately one-third of capital flight involves illegal activity,† which indicates the organized crime has penetrated the system o f economic reform, (Cooper, 2000).Before the matter of discussing the issues during the economic reform, a similarity should be distinguished between corrupt officials and organized crime lords: illegal capital flight was mostly pocketed by these two groups, for â€Å"[r]acketeers and bandits created a multithreaded mafia that remains potent and ubiquitous,† (Schemann, 2009). Furthermore, organized crime utilized the free market to expand in their trade with other countries. For example, oversea corporations from Russian companies belonged to the Russian mafia, which used scams to maximize profits. U. S. law enforcement agencies raided the Pennsylvania headquarters of a TSX–listed company called YBM Magnex International, which turned out to be a front for Russian mafia activity headed by Semion Mogilevich. The shares of YBM were worth more than $500 million before they collapsed in value virtually overnight. The scam eventually landed Mogilevich a spot on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted list†, (Rosen, 2010). Through this example, it can be notified that the Russian mafia had control over trade and much of trade was illegal.The Russian government could not hinder the influence the Russian mafia asserted over the trading routes. Much of the money being made through these black-market deals or any other illegal means was profited by the Russian mafia. â€Å"The criminalization of the privatization process has resulted in the massive use of state funds and property for criminal gain†, which in turn, left Russian without any funds, (Finckenaur, 2001). Consequently, none of the profits made were funded into Russia’s economic reform.Because â€Å"the assets controlled by organized crime give it enormous economic power†, it is safe to say that organized crime accumulated a large portion of the state’s funds, (Finckenaur, 2001). Due to a free market, anyone who had money had the power to make even more, and that is exactly what organized crime took advantage of. Democracy and the capitalist rules induced these criminal groups to escape imprisonment. Authorities had neither power nor evidence to pin any provable crime against them. To this day, these criminals are still profiting from privatization. Privatization led to the transfer of vast wealth to a handful of oligarchs and to rampant corruption,† (Schemann, 2009), leaving only a few people wealthy. Mitigating the security issues with trade, capitalism and democracy, which permitted organized crime to continue their illegal activity, affected the overall result of the economic reform. The global economy ignited the purpose of Russia’s economic reform: Although, organized crime had brought negative effects on Russia’s economic reform, their actions had increased success indirectly to their economic reform as well.A man named Tarzan from Russia has a business in Miami. Before he opened up this business, he worked for the Russian mafia. Extorting countless business and private companies, the mafia had these people pay protection fees, usually killing those who oppose. Through these connections with the mafia, Tarzan was able to create a new lifestyle for himself. His business was collaborated by the Columbian mafia. He helped smuggled weapons and provides the Columbian with transport they desired. He even sold a submarine to the Columbians.This vast global trade gave Tarzan the means to make more money and continue prospering in the market. Items and ideas were assimilated to different places, expanding the abounding global trade and economy. Emerging from the Soviet Union with a ruined economy, there was very little economic opportunity for Russia to improve their economy. Russia’s economic instability during the 1900’s â€Å"have increasingly scared off foreign investors; foreign direct investment (FDI) into Russia fell by 45 percent in the first half of 2009 alone†, (Mankoff, 2010).No forei gn investors are willing to invest and no countries are willing to participate in trade with it. For this reason, the Russians had no partners to trade with in order to expand their economy. Russia compelled an economic reform in search for an opportunity to extend their economic influence, but how is it possible to have an economic reform when the country’s funds are empty? How did Russia revived from its decline? And more eminently, what system or factor granted Russia the aptitude to succeed?The answer to the latter resides in the system or factor which commenced global trade; this system or factor being organized crime. In the interest of global trade, Russia, which had little resources and industries to offer, was presented with an opportunity to flourish in the market. Privatization was introduced, whether the companies were legal or not. It is recorded that â€Å"roughly two-thirds of Russia’s economy is under the sway of the crime syndicates†, (Webster, 1997). But this does not change the goal of Russia’s economy.Russian revived itself through illegal businesses by the global economy and free market. Whether the motive behind the Russian mafia’s trade was with illegal means, capital was flowing and increasing, which aided the promising rise of a global partner. In 1996, the capital flight exceeded 6 billion U. S. dollars, rendering the growth of organized crime’s profits excel in other countries too, (Kramer, 2000). Illegal trade with the U. S. has brought many fleeing to the states. The majority of the mafia members had taken posts and paired up with other organized crime groups.Regarding the trade between the organized crime and others, though it may be illegal, money is flowing in and out of the country. As Friedman mentions, that â€Å"[g]lobalization also calls for a reform†, (Friedman, 1999), there is sufficient, benign results from Russia’s crime groups on the development of the economic re form. The situation that organized crime started had somehow ameliorated the sterile economy of Russia’s previous economy, thus improving the economic reform. Nearly all the global trend settlers were previous Russian reformers, who were probably associated with organized crime. Friedman 1999). Russian organized crime groups were the first to begin the global trade since the Soviet Union. These people are the ones who started the trade between nations in the west. This advances trade and economic prosperity within Russia.The reform had benefits on behalf of this. With the open trade, the Russians gained the attention they were deficient in by raising the economic awareness around the globe to prolong a successful reform. Henceforth, the Russian economic reform was successful due to rganized crime’s initiation of applying capitalism and democracy. Conclusion: Russia’s economic reform can be summarized as well-developed, partly due to capitalism and democracy, as well as, the expansion of a global economy by organized crime groups. Yet the economic reform has partially failed from the pervasion of corruption and capitalism evoked by organized crime. Russia’s economic reform is affected substantially by these three factors. On account of corruption, the economic reform did not obtain the necessary requirement of funds that it needed to succeed.Capitalism and democracy conceded organized crime to flourish and amass the money reserves that was imperative for the motivation of the economic reform. Despite this, capitalism had also paved Russia’s road towards the beginning of the free market. In addition, the global economy had given consent for organized crime to uphold recognition in the global economy, delivering Russia the advertisement it lacked to partake in the market. Overall, organized crime has had a rather significant impact on Russia’s economic reform.Russia could emerge one day as a superpower; however, it has no t acquired all the necessary components to dominate in the global economy. If Russia continues to administer organized crime through corruption or does not push for economic and political reform again, investors in the foreign market will avoid investment in Russia and Russia, once again, will collapse, this time farther into recession.

Health, Illness And Wellness - 2377 Words

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